What Are the Types of Anxiety Disorders?

There are several recognized types of anxiety disorders, including:

Panic disorder: People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. Other symptoms of a panic attack include sweating, chest pain, palpitations (unusually strong or irregular heartbeats), and a feeling of choking, which may make the person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or “going crazy.”

Social anxiety disorder: Also called social phobia, social anxiety disorder involves overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday social situations. The worry often centers on a fear of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule.

Specific phobias: A specific phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes, heights, or flying. The level of fear is usually inappropriate to the situation and may cause the person to avoid common, everyday situations.

Generalized anxiety disorder: This disorder involves excessive, unrealistic worry and tension, even if there is little or nothing to provoke the anxiety.

Panic disorder is different from the normal fear and anxiety reactions to stressful events. Panic disorder is a serious condition that strikes without reason or warning. Symptoms of panic disorder include sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such as sweating and a racing heart. During a panic attack, the fear response is out of proportion for the situation, which often is not threatening. Over time, a person with panic disorder develops a constant fear of having another panic attack, which can affect daily functioning and general quality of life.

Symptoms of a panic attack, which often last about 10 minutes

• Difficulty breathing
• Pounding heart or chest pain
• Intense feeling of dread
• Sensation of choking or smothering
• Dizziness or feeling faint
• Trembling or shaking
• Sweating
• Nausea or stomachache
• Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes
• Chills or hot flashes
• A fear that you are losing control or are about to die

How Is Panic Disorder Treated?

A combination of the following therapies is often used to treat panic disorder.

Psychotherapy.

Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) addresses the emotional response to mental illness. It is a process in which trained mental health professionals help people by talking through strategies for understanding and dealing with their disorder.

Cognitive behavioral therapy.

A type of psychotherapy that helps a person learn to recognize and change thought patterns and behaviors that lead to troublesome feelings. Therapy also aims to identify possibly triggers for panic attacks.

Medication.

The anti-depressant drugs Paxil and Zoloft and anti-anxiety medications such as Xanax, Ativan, or Klonopin are used to treat panic disorders. Sometimes, heart medications (such as beta blockers) are used to help with anxiety.

Relaxation techniques.

Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is an anxiety disorder in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety (intense nervousness) and self-consciousness arise from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others.

A person with social anxiety disorder is afraid that he or she will make mistakes, look bad, and be embarrassed or humiliated in front of others. The fear may be made worse by a lack of social skills or experience in social situations. The anxiety can build into a panic attack. As a result of the fear, the person endures certain social situations in extreme distress or may avoid them altogether. In addition, people with social anxiety disorder often suffer “anticipatory” anxiety — the fear of a situation before it even happens — for days or weeks before the event. In many cases, the person is aware that the fear is unreasonable, yet is unable to overcome it.

People with social anxiety disorder suffer from distorted thinking, including false beliefs about social situations and the negative opinions of others. Without treatment, social anxiety disorder can negatively interfere with the person’s normal daily routine, including school, work, social activities, and relationships.

People with social anxiety disorder may be afraid of a specific situation, such as speaking in public. However, most people with social anxiety disorder fear more than one social situation. Other situations that commonly provoke anxiety include:

• Eating or drinking in front of others.
• Writing or working in front of others.
• Being the center of attention.
• Interacting with people, including dating or going to parties.
• Asking questions or giving reports in groups.
• Using public toilets.
• Talking on the telephone.
• What Are the Symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder?

Symptoms of social anxiety disorder can include:

• Intense anxiety in social situations.
• Avoidance of social situations.
• Physical symptoms of anxiety, including confusion, pounding heart, sweating, shaking, blushing, muscle tension, upset stomach, and diarrhea.
• Children with this disorder may express their anxiety by crying, clinging to a parent, or throwing a tantrum.

How Is Social Anxiety Disorder Treated?

Cognitive-behavior therapy:

The goal of CBT is to guide the person’s thoughts in a more rational direction and help the person stop avoiding situations that once caused anxiety. It teaches people to react differently to the situations that trigger their anxiety symptoms. Therapy may include systematic desensitization or real life exposure to the feared situation. With systematic desensitization, the person imagines the frightening situation and works through his or her fears in a safe and relaxed environment, such as the therapist’s office. Real life exposure gradually exposes the person to the situation but with the support of the therapist.

Medication:

There are several different types of drugs used to treat social anxiety disorder, including: antidepressants, like Paxil; sedatives (benzodiazepines), such as Klonopin and Ativan; beta-blockers, often used to treat heart conditions, may also be used to minimize certain physical symptoms of anxiety, such as shaking and rapid heartbeat.

 

The term “phobia” refers to a group of anxiety symptoms brought on by certain objects or situations.

The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that about 5%-12% of Americans have phobias. Specific phobias affect an estimated 6.3 million adult Americans.

A specific phobia, formerly called a simple phobia, is a lasting and unreasonable fear caused by the presence or thought of a specific object or situation that usually poses little or no actual danger. Exposure to the object or situation brings about an immediate reaction, causing the person to endure intense anxiety (nervousness) or to avoid the object or situation entirely. The distress associated with the phobia and/or the need to avoid the object or situation can significantly interfere with the person’s ability to function. Adults with a specific phobia recognize that the fear is excessive or unreasonable, yet are unable to overcome it.

There are different types of specific phobias, based on the object or situation feared, including:

• Animal phobias: Examples include the fear of dogs, snakes, insects, or mice. Animal phobias are the most common specific phobias.
• Situational phobias: These involve a fear of specific situations, such as flying, riding in a car or on public transportation, driving, going over bridges or in tunnels, or of being in a closed-in place, like an elevator.
• Natural environment phobias: Examples include the fear of storms, heights, or water.
• Blood-injection-injury phobias: These involve a fear of being injured, of seeing blood or of invasive medical procedures, such as blood tests or injections
• Other phobias: These include a fear of falling down, a fear of loud sounds, and a fear of costumed characters, such as clowns.
• What Are the Symptoms of Specific Phobias?

Symptoms of specific phobias may include:

• Excessive or irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
• Avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with great distress.
• Physical symptoms of anxiety or a panic attack, such as a pounding heart, nausea or diarrhea, sweating, trembling or shaking, numbness or tingling, problems with breathing (shortness of breath), feeling dizzy or lightheaded, feeling like you are choking.
• Anticipatory anxiety, which involves becoming nervous ahead of time about being in certain situations or coming into contact with the object of your phobia. (For example, a person with a fear of dogs may become anxious about going for a walk because he or she may see a dog along the way.)
• Children with a specific phobia may express their anxiety by crying, clinging to a parent, or throwing a tantrum.

How Are Specific Phobias Treated?

Treatment for specific phobias may include one or a combination of:

Exposure Therapy:

In this treatment, patients are gradually exposed to their feared situations repeatedly, until the situation no longer triggers the fear response. This can be done via “imaginal exposure” – i.e. imagining confronting the feared situation in one’s mind, or via “in vivo exposure” – confronting the feared situation in real life. Often, treatment plans combine the two techniques. Exposure is most effective when it is done frequently and lasts for long enough for the fear to decrease. In fact, in certain situations, exposure-based treatment has been shown to work in as little as one, longer session.

Cognitive behavioral therapy :

Psychotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for specific phobias. Treatment usually involves a type of cognitive behavioral therapy, called systematic desensitization or exposure therapy , in which patients are gradually exposed to what frightens them until their fear begins to fade.

Medication :

For situational phobias that produce intense, temporary anxiety (for example, a fear of flying), short-acting sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines) such as Ativan, or Xanax may be prescribed on an occasional, as-needed basis to help reduce anticipatory anxiety. Unless a phobia is accompanied by other conditions such as depression or panic disorder, long-term or daily medicines are generally not used. Occasionally, serotonergic antidepressants such as Paxil may have potential value for some patients.

Relaxation techniques

Such as deep breathing, may also help reduce anxiety symptoms.

 

Excessive worry

The hallmark of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)—the broadest type of anxiety—is worrying too much about everyday things, large and small. But what constitutes “too much”?

In the case of GAD, it means having persistent anxious thoughts on most days of the week, for six months. Also, the anxiety must be so bad that it interferes with daily life and is accompanied by noticeable symptoms, such as fatigue.

Sleep problems

Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep is associated with a wide range of health conditions, both physical and psychological. And, of course, it’s not unusual to toss and turn with anticipation on the night before a big speech or job interview.

But if you chronically find yourself lying awake, worried or agitated—about specific problems (like money), or nothing in particular—it might be a sign of an anxiety disorder. By some estimates, fully half of all people with GAD experience sleep problems.

Irrational fears

Some anxiety isn’t generalized at all; on the contrary, it’s attached to a specific situation or thing—like flying, animals, or crowds. If the fear becomes overwhelming, disruptive, and way out of proportion to the actual risk involved, it’s a telltale sign of phobia, a type of anxiety disorder.

Although phobias can be crippling, they’re not obvious at all times. In fact, they may not surface until you confront a specific situation and discover you’re incapable of overcoming your fear. “A person who’s afraid of snakes can go for years without having a problem,” Winston says. “But then suddenly their kid wants to go camping, and they realize they need treatment.”

Muscle tension

Near-constant muscle tension—whether it consists of clenching your jaw, balling your fists, or flexing muscles throughout your body—often accompanies anxiety disorders. This symptom can be so persistent and pervasive that people who have lived with it for a long time may stop noticing it after a while.

Regular exercise can help keep muscle tension under control, but the tension may flare up if an injury or other unforeseen event disrupts a person’s workout habits, Winston says. “Suddenly they’re a wreck, because they can’t handle their anxiety in that way and now they’re incredibly restless and irritable.”

Chronic indigestion

Anxiety may start in the mind, but it often manifests itself in the body through physical symptoms, like chronic digestive problems. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a condition characterized by stomachaches, cramping, bloating, gas, constipation, and/or diarrhea, “is basically an anxiety in the digestive tract,” Winston says.

IBS isn’t always related to anxiety, but the two often occur together and can make each other worse. The gut is very sensitive to psychological stress—and, vice versa, the physical and social discomfort of chronic digestive problems can make a person feel more anxious.

Stage fright

Most people get at least a few butterflies before addressing a group of people or otherwise being in the spotlight. But if the fear is so strong that no amount of coaching or practice will alleviate it, or if you spend a lot of time thinking and worrying about it, you may have a form of social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia).

People with social anxiety tend to worry for days or weeks leading up to a particular event or situation. And if they do manage to go through with it, they tend to be deeply uncomfortable and may dwell on it for a long time afterward, wondering how they were judged.

Self-consciousness

Social anxiety disorder doesn’t always involve speaking to a crowd or being the center of attention. In most cases, the anxiety is provoked by everyday situations such as making one-on-one conversation at a party, or eating and drinking in front of even a small number of people.

In these situations, people with social anxiety disorder tend to feel like all eyes are on them, and they often experience blushing, trembling, nausea, profuse sweating, or difficulty talking. These symptoms can be so disruptive that they make it hard to meet new people, maintain relationships, and advance at work or in school.

Panic

Panic attacks can be terrifying: Picture a sudden, gripping feeling of fear and helplessness that can last for several minutes, accompanied by scary physical symptoms such as breathing problems, a pounding or racing heart, tingling or numb hands, sweating, weakness or dizziness, chest pain, stomach pain, and feeling hot or cold.

Not everyone who has a panic attack has an anxiety disorder, but people who experience them repeatedly may be diagnosed with panic disorder. People with panic disorder live in fear about when, where, and why their next attack might happen, and they tend to avoid places where attacks have occurred in the past.

Flashbacks

Reliving a disturbing or traumatic event—a violent encounter, the sudden death of a loved one—is a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which shares some features with anxiety disorders. (Until very recently, in fact, PTSD was seen as a type of anxiety disorder rather than a stand-alone condition.)

But flashbacks may occur with other types of anxiety as well. Some research, including a 2006 study in the Journal of Anxiety Disorders, suggests that some people with social anxiety have PTSD-like flashbacks of experiences that might not seem obviously traumatic, such as being publicly ridiculed. These people may even avoid reminders of the experience—another symptom reminiscent of PTSD.

Perfectionism

The finicky and obsessive mind-set known as perfectionism “goes hand in hand with anxiety disorders,” Winston says. “If you are constantly judging yourself or you have a lot of anticipatory anxiety about making mistakes or falling short of your standards, then you probably have an anxiety disorder.”

Perfectionism is especially common in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which, like PTSD, has long been viewed as an anxiety disorder. “OCD can happen subtly, like in the case of somebody who can’t get out of the house for three hours because their makeup has to be absolutely just right and they have to keep starting over,” Winston says.

Compulsive behaviors

In order to be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a person’s obsessiveness and intrusive thoughts must be accompanied by compulsive behavior, whether it’s mental (telling yourself It’ll be all right over and over again) or physical (hand-washing, straightening items).

Obsessive thinking and compulsive behavior become a full-blown disorder when the need to complete the behaviors—also known as “rituals”—begins to drive your life, Winston says. “If you like your radio at volume level 3, for example, and it breaks and gets stuck on 4, would you be in a total panic until you could get it fixed?”

Self-doubt

Persistent self-doubt and second-guessing is a common feature of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder and OCD. In some cases, the doubt may revolve around a question that’s central to a person’s identity, like “What if I’m gay?” or “Do I love my husband as much as he loves me?”

In OCD these “doubt attacks” are especially common when a question is unanswerable. People with OCD think, ‘If only I would know 100% for sure whether I was gay or straight, either one would be fine,’ but they have this intolerance for uncertainty that turns the question into an obsession.

 

Treatment

Simple or specific anxiety disorder have been quite effectively treated with behavior therapy (Marks, 1987). The behaviorists involved in classical conditioning techniques believe that the response of phobic fear is a reflex acquired to non-dangerous stimuli. One simple form of exposure treatment is that of flooding, where the person is immersed in the fear reflex until the fear itself fades away. Some phobic reactions are so strong that flooding must be done through one’s imagining the phobic stimulus, rather than engaging the phobic stimulus itself.

Some patients cannot handle flooding in any form, so an alternative classical conditioning technique is used called counter-conditioning (Watson, 1924). In this form, one is trained to substitute a relaxation response for the fear response in the presence of the phobic stimulus. Relaxation is incompatible with feeling fearful or having anxiety, so it is said that the relaxation response counters the fear response. This counter-conditioning is most often used in a systematic way to very gradually introduce the feared stimulus in a step-by-step fashion known as systematic desensitization, first used by Joseph Wolpe (1958). This desensitization involves three steps: (1) training the patient to physically relax, (2) establishing an anxiety hierarchy of the stimuli involved, and (3) counter-conditioning relaxation as a response to each feared stimulus beginning first with the least anxiety-provoking stimulus and moving then to the next least anxiety-provoking stimulus until all of the items listed in the anxiety hierarchy have been dealt with successfully.

Biofeedback instrumentation has often been used to ensure that the patient is truly well-relaxed before going the next higher item in the anxiety hierarchy. Several indexes have been used in this adjunctive approach, including pulse rate, respiration rate, and electrodermal responses.

Modeling, an application suggested by social learning theorists. In modeling, the patient observes others (the “models”) in the presence of the phobic stimulus who are responding with relaxation rather than fear. In this way, the patient is encouraged to imitate the model(s) and thereby relieve their phobia. Combining live modeling with personal imitation is sometimes called participant modeling (Bernstein, 1997).

Rothbaum et. al. (1995) reports using a virtual-reality helmet being worn by the patient which then displays a phobic situation which is controlled and monitored by the therapist. The scene might be one of driving a car over a high bridge, while pulse rate is being monitored by the therapist. When the pulse rate gets too high, the scene is either shut down or frozen in frame to allow the therapist to counter-condition relaxation to replace the fear and anxiety response.

Systematic desensitization in a variety of forms has been commonly used to treat specific phobias and, in some cases, can be achieved in a single therapeutic session (Ost, 1989; Zinbarg & others, 1992).

 

 

Let’s explore the power of NLP based processes to alter the strategies which lead to anxiety. Anxiety is a state. The most fundamental models of NLP suggest a multitude of ways to alter state by altering either physiology or internal representations. Based on the current research into changing anxiety, we will describe the specific metaprograms and strategies which are associated with anxiety. We will then suggest NLP based processes which alter these strategies, and show how an NLP Practitioner can coach the anxious person to create a more useful and satisfying lifestyle.

 

1. What Is Anxiety?

 

The Craze for Anxiety

Anxiety is the emotional state which will bring more human beings into psychiatric treatment than any other (Beletsis, 1989, p264). 33% of all people visiting their doctor have it as a key complaint, and a similar percentage of the general population will develop a “clinically significant anxiety disorder” at some time in their life (Barlow, Esler and Vitali, 1998, p 312).

 

In the psychiatric manual DSM-IV TM(American Psychiatric Association, 1994) anxiety is described in three ways. Firstly, prolonged anxiety is described in terms of symptoms such as feeling restless, fatigued, keyed-up, irritable, suffering from muscular tension, and being unable to sleep or concentrate. Secondly, acute anxiety attacks (panic) are described in terms of even more intense responses, such as heart pounding, sweating, shaking, difficulty breathing, chest and abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, and extreme fear (of death, insanity or loss of control). Thirdly, it is acknowledged that many people suffer from one of the above types of anxiety, but cope with it in ways which then become other symptoms – alcohol and drug use, extreme and involuntary dissociation responses, eating disorders, compulsive rituals, violence and other behaviours designed to avoid the anxiety. Twice as many women as men report anxiety as such, and this seems related to men’s preference for certain of these other behaviours (Barlow, Esler and Vitali, 1998, p 290).

 

Understandably, a plethora of medications such as Valium (diazepam) have been used to treat anxiety. There is little evidence that drugs, used alone, reduce the frequency and severity of anxiety, and users have been shown to exhibit the same level of fear and avoidance behaviour after the drug treatment as before (Franklin, 1996, p7). Again and again though, cognitive NLP-style change processes have been compared to diazepam and related drugs and shown far more successful (Barlow, Ester and Vitali, 1998, p 310). Unfortunately, the craving for a quick-fix (such as pills seem to offer) is implicit in the very nature of anxiety. On the other hand, longer term psychotherapy also feeds the nature of the problem, by creating dependency (Beck and Emery, 1985, p 171). What works is what NLP offers: short term change processes which give the person back control over their own state.

 

Denominalising Anxiety

Denominalising Anxiety We began by defining anxiety as a state, and you’ll notice that the DSM-IV TM criteria for anxiety are almost entirely internal kinesthetic. And yet when the DSM-IV TM wants a synonym for anxiety, it uses a purely cognitive one: “apprehensive expectation”. This is important. Anxiety is a physical response, and yet it cannot be generated without certain constructed internal representations (visual, auditory or kinesthetic) of “possible” future events. A person seeing a spider may make a huge internal picture of a spider crawling towards them, and then feel the resulting fear (Vc\Ki). Another person may create the sound of an entire hall of people laughing and shouting at their humiliation and feel the fear of that (Ac\Ki). Another may create the feeling of slipping off a high place and falling so well that they feel as if they are falling, and feel the fear of that (Kc Ki).

Longer-term anxiety can be sustained by strategies which place Ad in the sequence. A person may imagine failing an exam, talk to themselves about how terrible that would be, and pick up an increasing sense of panic about what they are saying (Vc > Ad\Ki).

The initial results of the original synesthesias can also be fed back into the system. A pounding of the heart resulting from thinking about the spider can lead to speculation about a heart attack, and thus to increased pounding (Vc\Ki > Ad\Ki). Such physical escalation is the source of panic attacks, as opposed to longer term anxiety.

Kinesthetic triggers which feed a panic cycle (eg Vc\Ki > Ad\Ki) can also be reframed. You can point out that the feeling of faintness is just the same as the feeling of being “giddy” with excitement, the feeling of laboured breathing and dizziness is the same feeling as when dancing fast, the feeling of hot and cold flushes is like the feeling of being in a sauna and cold pool, anxiety-based numbness in hands or jaw is like having a hand fall asleep while leaning on it absorbed in TV etc (see p 214 in Russell Bourne’s article “From Panic to Peace: Recognising the Continua” in Yapko ed, 1989).

 

The “As If” World

Why do anxiety “sufferers” run these annoying synesthesias? Ericksonian therapist David Higgins (in Yapko, ed, 1989, p 245-263) points out that all of us live in an “As if” world. In order to act, we make certain guesses about what will happen. These guesses are all “hallucinations”, but they have the potential to generate hope or fear, happiness or pain. This is an active ongoing self-hypnotic process, and is potentially healthy. In anticipating future challenges, we estimate the significance of the challenge, and the strength of our resources to respond to that challenge (Beck and Emery, p 3-53). Some fear is a realistic appraisal of serious challenge level, and usefully mobilises the body to deal with such challenge, by increasing the pulse and breathing rate, and mobilising the muscles etc. Severe anxiety is a disorder of the “As -if” process. The anxious person (as opposed to the person who is realistically afraid of a current threat) demonstrates certain “cognitive distortions” (to use NLP terminology, they make certain key submodality/strategy shifts). These are:

 

Sorting for the future. By attending to potential future events to the exclusion of present and past, the person is unable to access resourceful memories, or effectively use resources at hand. Thus, a person who spoke to a crowd of 1000 people and loved it last week may panic as they think about repeating that tomorrow.

Sorting for danger. The person pays more attention to potential risks and less to potential safeties. They do this by using focused “tunnel vision” and its auditory and kinesthetic analogues (eg a person afraid of public speaking may see only one angry looking person staring at them, and not notice those smiling. A person with chest tightness may pay attention to that and speculate about its cause, rather than feeling the comfort in their hands).

Associating into their internal representations of danger. This is the key submodality changed by the NLP Phobia cure.

Increasing the significance of the danger. The anxious person increases submodalities such as size and closeness on the feared object/situation, so that the threat seems greater than their resources. They diminish submodalities on their own resources and memories of success. The person afraid of public speaking may see a room of huge eyes staring at them, as they shrink into the floor. They may do this in auditory digital by “talking up” the power of the audience to reject and humiliate them.

Unrealistic evaluations as a result of 4). Rather than grading risk (eg “On a scale of 1-10 how risky is this?”) the anxious person tends to act as if any danger = total danger. Persons with a phobia of flying, for example, may estimate at normal times that the risk of harm from a flight is one in a million (1:1,000,000). At the time when the airplane takes off they may estimate it as 50:50, and with slight turbulence at 100:1 in favour of a crash (Beck and Emery, 1985, p 128). They may then bring into play a series of beliefs about what “has to happen” in such situations (eg “I have to get out of here.”, “I have to take my pills.”). Another such set of beliefs may involve the estimate of the importance of what others think of them and their responses. Doing something embarrassing in public may be estimated as likely to result in physical consequences every day for the next sixty years. Thus, in the state of anxiety, the person generates a whole separate set of beliefs to which they respond – in NLP terms, a sequential incongruity.

Not being “at cause”. Synesthesias are available in all people. The anxious person runs them more frequently and with less conscious awareness, leading to a belief that their feelings just happen, or are caused by the environment, rather than being a result of their attention to representations of “danger”.

Physiological activation. The anxious person acts in several ways to activate their body. They attend to their in-breath rather than their out-breath. They walk and move more, and often allow less time for sleep than other individuals. They breathe through their dominant nostril (Rossi, 1996, p 171-2). Ernest Rossi points out that this is part of their remaining in the alertness phase of the normal rest-activation cycle for prolonged times. Where anxiety peaks at a certain time in the day, Rossi suggests that this indicates a damaged rest cycle reaching critical level at that time.

 

Anxiety and Depression

In a previous article we discussed NLP treatments for depression. Someone can run strategies which generate anxiety and strategies which generate depression. Both conditions involve the person sorting for what is wrong, and associating into unpleasant experiences. However the two sets are different, and it may help to distinguish them before we consider how to resolve anxiety.

 

In the case of depression, the focus is on past experiences – failures, losses and defeats which have already happened and are thus fixed facts. The depressed person may not even have a future time line to be anxious about, let alone to have goals in. Their comments about life and their own self are thus based on a “permanent pervasive style” of explanation (“This is the way I and other things are; everything is like this, and it always will be”). The depressed person has understandably little interest in doing anything, because they expect failure (“What’s the point, it only gets you to the same place I’ve always been – nowhere.”). They may get hopeful about specific tasks (and then use the patterns we are calling anxiety), but generally the depressed person has given up trying to avoid the kind of pain that the anxious person is running from.

 

In the anxious person, the focus is on potential future defeats, failures and losses. The anxious person considers these disasters as being possibly avoidable, if they can only escape in some way from certain feared events. Their style of explanation is thus more tentative, conditional and more focused on particular events (“If I can only avoid elevators / crowds / thinking about death, then I might be able to escape this terror.”). The anxious person has objectives, then, but is unable to reach them. They fear failure. The anxious person does not give up on doing everything (unless they finally got depressed about their anxiety) but gives up on doing the things they fear (the triggers for their anxiety).

 

1. How Do We End Anxiety?

 

There’s more to this question than meets the eye. Anxiety itself is driven by an attempt to avoid some feared consequence. The “simple” solution to anxiety for the person with a spider phobia seems to be never to think about or come into contact with anything to do with spiders. For the person with anxiety about loss of self-control the “simple” solution would be to never be in a situation where loss of self-control was remotely possible. Of course these are impossible goals, but many people with anxiety clutch at the illusion of such solutions in the form of drugs, distractions, lifestyles totally organised around their fears and dependent relationships where the other person cannot be out of their sight or reach. What is usually called “secondary gain” (the accidental advantages which the problem brings to the person’s life, in terms of sympathy, avoidance of challenges etc) is really primary gain in anxiety conditions. It is often the immediate aim of the person who has anxiety.

 

As an NLP Practitioner, the first thing you need to get clear about is that your role is not to create such illusory solutions. One example of an illusory solution would be presenting NLP as a series of tools which will automatically solve the person’s problem, regardless of what they do. Another example would be offering to be the person’s total life support system (“Call me any time!”). Being a “magician” can be very satisfying, but this satisfaction is small compared to the joy of empowering the anxious person to learn their own magic. Your role, then, is to be a kind of coach or consultant.

 

The anxious person is hiring us to give them advice and support to put into action a plan that will change their life. This will be a collaborative relationship, in which they will need not only to “help”, but also to experimentally follow the advice we give. We have no magic way of solving their problems for them. But if they do the things we suggest, we believe that they will experience change. This is the same deal a consultant in the business setting makes. We often say “NLP doesn’t work. You work… NLP just explains how you work, perfectly.”. This is a time-limited arrangement, and it is important to arrange at the start to meet for a specific number of sessions (we use either two, or four in most cases).

 

The other side of this is that if we are not hired as a consultant, we accept that. We do not carry on trying to “sell our services”. This becomes important in practice if we suggest some task (such as having the person, at the end of each day, identifying three things they achieved that day) and the person does not actually do the task. In this case, we don’t carry on suggesting other such tasks hoping to “find one that works”. Often, in that situation, we will explore with the person what they did instead of the task, and help them discover how that got them the results they complain about.

 

The following five sets of NLP tools are intended to be used inside this context, to reverse the “cognitive distortions” of anxiety. The tools are:

• Reframe Anxiety and its Symptoms
• Access Resources/Solutions
• Teach Trance and Set Relaxation Anchors
• Alter The Submodalities
• Create More Integrated Beliefs

 

Reframe Anxiety and it’s Symptoms

Point out the value of normal fear responses and explain the structure of problem anxiety as generated by perceptual distortions and synesthesias. Anxiety is simply a signal that the person needs to identify and adjust their perceptions of the situation, and behave differently.

 

Elicit the triggers which the person has been using to generate anxiety, and find out the submodality distortions which increase the significance of the threat. We have solved anxiety about public speaking on a number of occasions simply by having the person notice that the image they had in their mind was narrowly focused on set people, and had their eyes distorted out of usual size. Once the person accesses their triggers, they can often change them without further explanation. The unrealistic evaluations being made by the person can be checked at this time (resilient beliefs will require some of the later techniques, but a person anxious about all the things they “need to get done immediately” may be intrigued to find that they have incorrectly evaluated the need).

 

One fun way to produce submodality shifts even at this initial exploration is to use the playful type of intervention that Richard Bandler does in the book Magic in Action (1984 p1-31). Working with Susan, a woman who experiences panic when her family are late home, Bandler says (1984, p.9), “Let’s say I had to fill in for you for a day. So one of the parts of my job would be if somebody was late I’d have to have the panic for you. What do I do inside my head in order to have the panic?” Susan replies “You start telling yourself sentences like…” and Richard interrupts “I’ve got to talk to myself”. She continues, “…so and so is late, look they’re not here. That means that they may never come.” Bandler asks, “Do I say this in a casual tone of voice?” This pattern has been modelled by Tad James and called The Logical Levels of Therapy. James points out that in doing this, Bandler has achieved, by linguistic presupposition, a number of reframes:

 

Susan agrees that she causes the panic: she is “at cause”.

Susan agrees that it takes a specific strategy to do so.

Susan agrees she is expert enough to teach Bandler how to do it.

Susan describes the process in second person, as if someone else does it.

Susan, in order to answer Bandler’s last question above, has to consider what would happen if she ran her strategy differently to the way she usually does.

Susan thus rehearses herself through a new strategy.

Kinesthetic triggers which feed a panic cycle (eg Vc Ki .Ad Ki) can also be reframed. You can point out that the feeling of faintness is just the same as the feeling of being “giddy” with excitement, the feeling of laboured breathing and dizziness is the same feeling as when dancing fast, the feeling of hot and cold flushes is like the feeling of being in a sauna and cold pool, anxiety-based numbness in hands or jaw is like having a hand fall asleep while leaning on it absorbed in TV etc (see p 214 in Russell Bourne’s article “From Panic to Peace: Recognising the Continua” in Yapko ed, 1989)

 

Access Resources/Solutions

Help the person identify and build inner resource experiences to cope with the situations they have found difficult. The anxious person sorts for danger, and when asked to find a resource experience they will often access instead the most challenging and scary times they have had. Teaching them that this is a metaprogram and can be changed by simple rehearsal is important. Three types of Solution focused questions can be used to elicit such times (Chevalier, 1995).

 

Ask for a description of the person’s outcome.

“What has to be different as a result of you talking to me?”

“What do you want to achieve?”

“What would need to happen for you to feel that this problem was solved?”

“How will you know that this problem is solved?”

“When this problem is solved, what will you be doing and feeling?”

Ask about when the problem doesn’t occur (the exceptions). For example:

“When is a time that you noticed this problem wasn’t quite as bad?”

“What was happening at that time? What were you doing different?”

If there are no exceptions, then ask about hypothetical exceptions using the “Miracle” question:

“Suppose one night there is a miracle while you are sleeping, and this problem is solved. Since you are sleeping, you don’t know that a miracle has happened or that your problem is solved. What do you suppose you will notice that’s different in the morning, that will let you know the problem is solved?”

After the miracle question, you can ask other follow-up questions such as:

“What would other people around you notice was different about you?”

“What would other people around you do differently then?”

“What would it take to pretend that this miracle had happened?”

Have the client ask themselves solution-focused questions in their daily life. Before they get out of bed in the morning they are to ask themselves “What are three things that I am looking forward to today?” When they go to bed at night they are to ask themselves “What are three things I achieved today?” The potency of these questions is extraordinary.

 

Teach Trance and Set Relaxation Anchors

One simple way to build resources is to teach the person to relax physiologically. This includes showing them how to actually stop tightening muscle groups, to pay attention to the out-breath rather than the in-breath, to breathe through the non-dominant nostril (Rossi, 1996, p 171-2) and to orient towards enjoyable internal imagery. The aim is to teach the person to go into a trance on their own, using anchors under their control. Such anchors can be set by the person in the therapy. Working with students who have exam anxiety, for example, we have often completely solved the problem by inducing a trance, having the person make a gestural anchor with their non-dominant hand (which will be free when they are writing) and testing the anchor afterwards. The person then uses the anchor in the exam and tends to report “The most relaxed exam I’ve ever had in my life”.

 

Of course, many of our more generally anxious clients say after an initial 15 minute trance induction that this is “the most relaxed I have been”. But for them this is only the beginning, because the person also needs to be committed to using this process on a regular basis. And regular, Ernest Rossi points out (Rossi 1996, p 279-313) means several times a day, so as to re-establish a natural ultradian rest cycle. Like Rossi, we have found that many anxious clients will have no further problems if they arrange every 90 minutes to rest for ten minutes lying on their dominant side (thus opening the non-dominant nostril).

 

Alter the Submodalities

There is no doubt that the submodality change techniques give us a phenomenal flexibility in removing the triggers of anxiety. We have already discussed altering the submodalities of an experience so that it is coded more normally (eg so that the eyes of people in a feared audience are normal size). Other submodality changes can be used to do this with flair. In Magic in Action, Bandler demonstrates the use of a visual swish to end a woman’s panic about her family dying in an accident, and a dissociation trauma cure to resolve a woman’s agoraphobia. Versions of these processes have also been used outside the field of NLP by cognitive psychologists (see Beck and Emery, 1985, p 215-231) and Ericksonian therapists (see Russell Bourne in Yapko ed, 1989, p 217)

 

Simply changing the submodality of time perspective will, in our experience, solve most one situation (eg exam) anxiety problems. Remember that the anxious person is looking towards the future. In this technique from Time Line Therapy‒2 (James and Woodsmall, 1988, p 45) Tad James uses that fact. “If you would, I’d like you to think of an event about which you’re fearful – fearful or have anxiety about. When you have one, I’d like you to float up above your Time Line again. Go out into the future – one minute after the successful completion of the event about which you were anxious. (Of course make sure the event turns out the way you want.) And I’d like you to turn and look towards now. Now where’s the anxiety? Notice how you chuckle. Fear and anxiety have no existence outside of time.”

 

The dissociation trauma cure is the most well researched of all NLP interventions for panic (see Einspruch, Allen, Dennholz and Mann, Kosiey and McCleod, and Muss below for examples). We have taught this process to psychiatrists in Sarajevo for use with survivors of one of history’s most horrific wars. Margot took one woman through a trauma cure on the entire war experience. She began quite tearful, announcing in English, “I hate the war; and I hate talking about it!” She said she had had nightmares every night since the war. For her, sounds were powerful anchors, and the sound of explosions produced uncontrollable panic. The previous week someone had organised a fireworks display in Sarajevo. Rationally, she knew she was safe, but her panic put her right back in the war situation. She ran into a nearby house and hid in their basement until the display was over. After attempting unsuccessfully to explain the trauma process to her (her knowledge of English was limited), Margot simply asked her to imagine being in a movie theatre and ran the process. Her movie went from the time before the war to the time after it, a period of over three years. Then Margot asked her to think of the fireworks and find out how it felt now. She laughed. Next, Margot asked her to remember some of the worst times from the war, and check how they were. She gazed ahead with a dazed expression. “So how is it?” we checked. “Well, she said, with a smile, “I’m seeing the pictures, and it’s as if they’re just over there, and I’m here.” The entire process had taken twenty minutes.

 

Create More Integrated Beliefs

Anxiety and panic responses are incongruent with the rest of a person’s life. They are, in NLP terms, the result of “parts”. It is as if the part of the person which is in control at the time of the panic or anxiety has its own intentions, its own beliefs and its own behavioural choices, all quite different to the intentions, beliefs and choices the person uses when calmer. There is no reason for a grown man or woman to be afraid of elevators, for example. But when they get near the elevator, the person with elevator phobia responds with a whole different set of beliefs about what might happen, and chooses from a range of behaviours she or he does not normally use, while not accessing skills he or she usually values.

 

Several techniques allow information to flow from the rest of the person’s neurology into the areas where anxiety is being generated. One of the simplest is the Eye Movement Integrator (Andreas, 1992, p 9-11) in which the person accesses their memory of a situation of anxiety (visually, auditorally and kinesthetically) and follows the practitioner’s finger movements as they move from one side of the client’s face to the other, horizontally, vertically and obliquely. A similar technique is marketed outside of NLP as EMDR (Shapiro, 1995). Francine Shapiro explains, “One of the simplest ways of describing EMDR effects is to say that the target event has remained unprocessed because the immediate biochemical responses to the trauma have left it isolated in neurobiological stasis. When the client tracks a moving finger or attends to a hand tap, tone, or even a fixed point on the wall, active information processing is initiated to attend to the present stimulus.” In other words, your brain knows how to fix stuff as soon as you access both sides of it at once. Our experience is that even highly anxious individuals can be taught to process their own material at home by using a variation of the technique, such as accessing anxiety triggers while juggling.

 

Several other techniques in NLP generate integration by starting with the behaviours of the “part” active during anxiety, and chunking up until the general resources of the whole neurology are accessed. One is the mind backtracking technique (Hall and Bodenhamer, 1997, p 35) in which you begin with the irrational auditory digital thought and ask repeatedly, “And behind that thought whirling in your mind lies another thought… So as you allow yourself to notice, what thought do you find back there?”. Our own version of this process is Ascending States (Bolstad, 1998, 17) in which the person attends to the kinesthetic experience of anxiety and asks repeatedly, “As you are aware of that, what arises from underneath that?” We’ve also used this as a one-session treatment for anxiety.

 

Another set of integration techniques includes Core Transformation TM (Andreas, 1992, p 3-5) and Parts Integration. In these, the person identifies the intention of the problem behaviours and then asks repeatedly, “And if you have that intention fully and completely, what even more important thing do you get through having that?” Our colleague Lynn Timpany’s Esteem Generator technique combines this with the installation of a new auditory digital strategy for those who have run a self-critical internal voice. Lynn’s new strategy begins with the old triggers for the unsupportive voice, has the person say a key interrupt phrase (like “Think positive!” or “Hey wait!”), has them say something more resourceful to themselves, and then has them congratulate themselves and give themselves a positive feeling about how they changed their thinking. Lynn has the person run through this sequence with every example they can recall, while she chains it on their knuckles. Using this technique before we get people to do group presentations on our Master Practitioner course has solved most of the anxiety problems we used to cope with.

 

Finally, a wealth of NLP techniques for changing beliefs can be used to alter the irrational beliefs once they have been accessed (notice that while they are kept separate in the panic part of the person, the person does not experience them as real and does not “need” to change them). Some level of integration needs to occur for belief changes to access the part of the neurology generating the problem belief.

 

Summary

 

Anxiety is the most common undesired state in psychotherapy, and is generated by a number of synesthesias from representations of potential future dangers to kinesthetic activation. The anxious person sorts for potential future dangers, associates into them, and exaggerates their submodalities. This results in unrealistic evaluations of the danger, and in a sense of the person’s emotional state being out of their control. Using our RESOLVE model of therapy (Bolstad and Hamblett, 1998, p 107-108) we could summarise the responses we have found effective thus:

 

Resourceful State

• Establish a collaborative, consultative relationship rather than a magical or dependent one.

 

Establish Rapport

• Acknowledge the person’s difficulty.
• Assess and pace metaprograms (especially Towards-Away from, Time Orientation, Association-Dissociation) and physiological arousal.

 

Specify Outcomes

• Set a time-limited consulting contract with outcomes.
• Build expectancy of change and explain the need for completing tasks at home.

 

Open Up the Client’s Model of the World

• Teach the person the structure of anxiety and elicit the triggers the person is using, demonstrating their power using the “Logical Levels of Therapy”.
• Reframe anxiety and its physical symptoms as manageable.
• Use solution-focused questions to build resources

 

Leading to Desired State

• Practise and teach physiological relaxation, including muscle and breathing control.
• Set relaxation anchors.
• Alter the submodalities of the triggers using standard shifts or swishes.
• Use the trauma cure on all triggers.
• Teach person to alter time perspective to looking back from the future.
• Teach the person the Eye Movement Integrator or a variant such as juggling.
• Use techniques which chunk up to core states (Mind Backtracking, Ascending States, Core Transformation‒2, Parts Integration).
• Consider using belief change or strategy installation to complete a new response setup.

 

Verify Change

• Teach the person to celebrate their new ability to relax.

 

Exit: Futurepace

• Use the new time perspective to have the person in the future looking back towards now and seeing the changes.

 

Bibliography

 

Allen, K. (1982) An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Neuro Linguistic Programming procedures in Treating Snake Phobias. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43, 861B

Andreas, C. The Aligned Self: An Advanced Audiocassette Program: Booklet, NLP Comprehensive, Boulder, Colorado, 1992

American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-IV‒2, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 1994

Bandler, R. Magic In Action, Meta Publications, Cupertino, 1984.

Barlow, D.H., Esler, J.L. and Vitali, A.E. “Psychosocial Treatments for Panic Disorders, Phobias and Generalised Anxiety Disorder” in Nathan, P.E. and Gorman, J.M. A Guide To Treatments That Work, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998

Beck, A.T. and Emery, G. with Greenberg, R.L. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective, Basic Books, New York, 1985

Bolstad, R. “Beyond Self”in Anchor Point, Vol 12, No. 12, December 1998, p 9-17

Bolstad, R. and Hamblett, M., Transforming Communication, Addison-Wesley-Longman, Auckland, 1998

Bolstad,R. and Hamblett, M. “NLP and the Rediscovery of Happiness” in Anchor Point, 1999

Chevalier, A.J., On The Client’s Path, New Harbinger, Oakland, California, 1995

Denholtz, M.S. and Mann, E.T. (1975) An Automated Audiovisual Treatment of Phobias Administered by Nonprofessionals. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6: 111-115

Einspruch, E. (1988) Neurolinguistic Programming in the Treatment of Phobias. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 6 (1): 91-100

Franklin, J.A. Overcoming Panic, Australian Psychological Society, Carlton, Victoria Grinder, J. and Bandler, R. The Structure of Magic II, Science and Behaviour, Palo Alto, California, 1976

Hall, L. Michael and Bodenhamer, Bobby G, “The Mind Backtracking Technique” in Anchor Point, Vol 11, No. 6, June 1997

James, T. and Woodsmall, W. Time Line Therapy And The Basis Of Personality, Meta Publications, Cupertino, California, 1988

Kosiey, P. and McLeod, G. (1987) Visual Kinesthetic Dissociation in Treatment of Victims of Rape. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18 (3): 276-282

Muss, Dr D. (1991) The Trauma Trap. London: Doubleday

Rossi, E.L. The Symptom Path To Enlightenment, Palisades Gateway Publishing, Pacific Palisades, California, 1996

Shapiro, F. Eye Movement desensitisation and Reprocessing, The Guilford Press, New York, 1995

Yapko, M.D. ed Brief Therapy Approaches to Treating Anxiety and Depression, Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1989